
ID : MRU_ 434094 | Date : Dec, 2025 | Pages : 257 | Region : Global | Publisher : MRU
The Riser Recliner Market is projected to grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.9% between 2026 and 2033. The market is estimated at $1.2 Billion in 2026 and is projected to reach $2.5 Billion by the end of the forecast period in 2033.
The Riser Recliner Market encompasses the production, distribution, and sale of specialized seating solutions designed primarily for individuals with mobility challenges, the elderly, and those recovering from surgery. These chairs, often motor-operated, are characterized by their ability to gently lift the user to a standing position (the 'riser' function) and recline into various positions, offering enhanced comfort and medical benefits. The product description centers on highly adjustable, ergonomically designed furniture that integrates sophisticated mechanisms for user assistance, focusing on safety, independence, and postural support. Major applications span residential settings, where they significantly improve the quality of life for aging populations, and institutional environments like nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and hospitals, where they aid in patient transfer and rehabilitation protocols. The core benefits include reduced risk of falls, improved circulation, pressure relief, and significant enhancement of user independence, making everyday activities more manageable and reducing reliance on caregivers.
Driving factors for this market are fundamentally rooted in global demographic shifts, specifically the rapid expansion of the geriatric population across developed and developing economies. As life expectancy increases, so does the prevalence of age-related mobility issues such as arthritis, joint pain, and muscle degeneration, making standard seating uncomfortable or hazardous. Furthermore, increased healthcare spending and greater awareness regarding ergonomic solutions and home accessibility modifications are propelling demand. The technological integration of advanced materials, quiet motors, battery backup systems, and personalized control features further solidifies the market's growth trajectory. Governments and insurance providers in many regions are beginning to recognize riser recliners as essential medical equipment rather than luxury furniture, boosting adoption rates and reimbursement policies.
The Riser Recliner Market is characterized by robust business trends focusing on innovation in motor technology and material science to deliver lighter, more efficient, and aesthetically pleasing products that fit modern home decor. Key trends include the shift towards dual- and triple-motor mechanisms, which offer independent control over the backrest and footrest, catering to specific medical needs like Zero Gravity positioning for better circulation. Furthermore, manufacturers are increasingly adopting direct-to-consumer (D2C) models, leveraging e-commerce platforms to bypass traditional retail challenges and provide personalized consultations. Supply chain resilience, especially securing specialized motor components and upholstery materials, remains a critical operational priority for market leaders seeking competitive advantage. Sustainability in manufacturing and the use of eco-friendly materials are also emerging as niche but important consumer preferences influencing procurement decisions in mature markets.
Regional trends indicate North America and Europe currently dominate the market due to established healthcare infrastructure, high disposable incomes, and the early adoption of assistive technologies driven by aging baby boomer populations. However, the Asia Pacific (APAC) region is demonstrating the highest growth potential, spurred by rapidly developing healthcare markets in China, Japan, and India, coupled with increasing government focus on elderly care infrastructure and rising middle-class disposable income. Segment trends reveal the Dual Motor segment holding the largest market share owing to its balance of advanced functionality and affordability, satisfying a broad range of user needs, from simple relaxation to complex therapeutic positioning. Conversely, the Institutional application segment is witnessing accelerated adoption, driven by stringent safety regulations in care facilities demanding specialized seating equipment to mitigate patient injury and reduce staff workload.
User queries regarding the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on the Riser Recliner Market primarily center on three main areas: predictive maintenance, personalized comfort adjustment, and integration with smart home ecosystems. Users often ask if AI can anticipate motor failure before it occurs, ensuring continuous use and minimizing repair downtime. Another significant theme revolves around whether AI algorithms can learn user habits, automatically adjusting seating angles throughout the day to optimize posture, circulation, and pressure distribution, thus transforming the chair from a static aid into a dynamic, therapeutic device. Finally, the integration of riser recliners into comprehensive smart living environments, utilizing voice control and health monitoring APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) driven by AI, is a major area of public interest, reflecting a desire for seamless technology interaction for users with limited mobility. The consensus expectation is that AI will shift the market focus from functional mechanics to personalized, preventative care and superior user experience, potentially leading to 'Smart Recliner' category creation that bridges furniture and medical device technology.
The immediate impact of AI is seen in optimizing supply chain logistics and manufacturing efficiency, utilizing machine learning to forecast demand spikes and manage inventory of high-cost components like motors and actuators. However, the most transformative influence is emerging at the product level. AI-powered diagnostics can monitor motor performance and battery health in real-time, providing alerts to users or service centers, greatly enhancing reliability and customer satisfaction. Advanced sensors embedded within the chair, combined with AI processing, can track vital signs (heart rate, respiration) or prolonged static posture, prompting the chair to gently adjust the position to prevent pressure sores or encourage movement, thereby integrating preventative health management directly into the seating experience. This shift towards data-driven, proactive positioning transforms the recliner from a mobility aid into a sophisticated health management tool, justifying a higher price point and expanding the addressable market.
Furthermore, AI is crucial for refining the user interface and overall accessibility. Integrating natural language processing (NLP) allows users to control complex chair movements through simple voice commands, overcoming dexterity issues associated with traditional handheld remote controls. For market research and product development, AI analyzes usage patterns across thousands of users, identifying preferred comfort settings, common pain points, and usage frequency, informing future ergonomic designs and feature prioritization. This feedback loop ensures that future generations of riser recliners are designed not just based on theoretical biomechanics, but on real-world usage data, optimizing for specific geriatric or rehabilitation requirements. The eventual goal is a truly autonomous chair that predicts the user's need for standing or resting based on surrounding environmental and health data.
The Riser Recliner Market is shaped by powerful demographic drivers, regulatory restraints, and technological opportunities, creating a dynamic impact force matrix. The primary driver is the accelerating global aging trend, which necessitates assistive devices for daily living, significantly increasing the potential user base. Restraints primarily involve the high initial cost of these sophisticated medical-grade furniture items, which can pose a barrier to entry for low-income seniors unless comprehensive reimbursement schemes are in place. Opportunities are abundant in technology, specifically integrating smart features, telehealth capabilities, and advanced materials to improve functionality and aesthetics. These forces collectively propel market expansion while necessitating strategic pricing and regulatory compliance from manufacturers to manage competitive pressures and ensure product integrity and safety standards are consistently met across different geographical jurisdictions.
A significant set of drivers is related to evolving healthcare practices. The movement towards home healthcare (aging in place) is strongly encouraging investment in adaptive equipment that supports independent living, reducing the need for expensive institutional care. Riser recliners are critical components in this shift, offering therapeutic benefits such as edema reduction and improved respiratory function, making them integral to post-operative recovery and chronic condition management plans. Furthermore, rising awareness among caregivers and medical professionals about the ergonomic benefits of specialized seating, not just for the patient but also for reducing caregiver strain during transfers, is reinforcing their essential status. The increasing availability of specialized retail channels and dedicated online platforms also makes product comparison and purchase decisions easier for potential buyers.
However, the market faces strong restraint forces centered on product perception and technological complexity. Historically, riser recliners have been perceived as bulky or purely utilitarian, clashing with contemporary home aesthetics, which limits adoption among users who value interior design. While manufacturers are addressing this, the inherent complexity of multi-motor systems means that maintenance and repair can be intricate and costly, leading to consumer hesitation regarding long-term ownership costs. Additionally, the lack of standardized global regulatory classifications (sometimes viewed as furniture, sometimes as a Class I medical device) creates complexity for international market entry and regulatory compliance, potentially slowing down innovation cycles or increasing operational costs. Overcoming the initial investment barrier through flexible financing and widespread insurance coverage remains the most persistent challenge.
Opportunities for growth are concentrated around niche markets and feature diversification. Developing lighter, portable, and aesthetically customized models opens up new segments, particularly among younger individuals recovering from sports injuries or those with specific temporary mobility issues. The integration of therapeutic technologies, such as heat, massage, and specialized cushioning systems (e.g., memory foam, pressure relief gel), elevates the product value proposition beyond basic mechanical assistance. Furthermore, entering emerging markets in Asia and Latin America, where the aging population is growing rapidly but penetration of assistive technology is currently low, represents a vast untapped revenue potential, provided that localized manufacturing and distribution models can address regional economic constraints and specific cultural preferences regarding furniture design and seating habits.
The Riser Recliner Market is comprehensively segmented based on Type, Application, and Distribution Channel, reflecting the diverse needs of end-users and the varying complexity of product offerings. Segmentation by Type, including Single Motor, Dual Motor, and Triple Motor, is critical as it dictates the level of control and therapeutic positioning available to the user, directly influencing price point and target demographic suitability. The complexity of the motor system determines whether only the footrest and backrest move in unison (Single Motor) or independently (Dual/Triple Motor), which is essential for medical requirements like Trendelenburg or Zero Gravity positions. This type-based differentiation allows manufacturers to target specific mobility levels, ranging from those needing minimal assistance to those requiring specialized clinical seating. Dual motor chairs often represent the largest volume segment due to their flexibility and balance between function and cost.
Application segmentation distinguishes between Home Use and Institutional Use, reflecting differences in usage intensity, required durability, and safety features. Home Use chairs prioritize comfort, aesthetic integration with residential decor, and simplicity of operation, catering to the individual's long-term comfort and independence at home. Conversely, Institutional chairs, used in environments like hospitals and nursing homes, must meet stringent regulatory standards for infection control, durability against frequent use and cleaning chemicals, and features that facilitate easy patient transfer and high levels of patient safety, often incorporating features like braking casters and specialized anti-shear materials. The Distribution Channel segmentation—Online Retail versus Offline Retail (Specialty Stores, Furniture Stores)—highlights the evolving consumer purchasing journey, balancing the personalized consultation provided by specialty stores against the convenience and competitive pricing offered by e-commerce platforms, particularly for replacement or lower-specification models.
Analyzing these segments provides strategic insights. The Dual Motor segment under Type is expected to maintain its market dominance, fueled by consumer preference for independent reclining and lifting capability, which maximizes comfort and therapeutic options without the significant cost jump of triple-motor systems. In terms of Application, the shift towards Home Use is intensifying, driven by policies and consumer preferences supporting 'aging in place.' This necessitates innovation in design to make these chairs less medical-looking and more integrated into contemporary living spaces. Meanwhile, the growing Institutional segment demands features related to hygiene and heavy-duty operation, pushing manufacturers to invest in materials research (e.g., antimicrobial fabrics) and rigorous testing protocols to meet clinical standards and prolonged utilization requirements in high-traffic care settings. The strategic importance of the segmentation analysis lies in allowing market players to tailor product development, marketing messages, and distribution strategies precisely to the unique needs of each identified user group and purchasing pathway.
The value chain for the Riser Recliner Market begins with upstream activities focused on the procurement and manufacturing of specialized components, primarily high-precision lift mechanisms, quiet and reliable electric motors (actuators), control systems, and specialized upholstery materials. Critical upstream success factors include securing stable supply chains for microprocessors, steel frames, and durable, fire-retardant fabrics. Manufacturers must maintain high standards of quality control for these inputs, as component failure directly affects the chair's safety and functionality. Research and development (R&D) is also a crucial upstream activity, focusing on ergonomic design patents, advanced material selection for pressure relief, and integration of smart diagnostics, adding significant intellectual value before the physical production stage begins. Strong relationships with specialized motion technology suppliers are vital for maintaining technical differentiation.
The central manufacturing stage involves assembly, quality testing, and certification (e.g., FDA clearance in the US, CE marking in Europe). Given the medical nature of the product, adherence to strict regulatory guidelines and safety testing protocols is mandatory, adding complexity and cost to the process. Downstream activities involve distribution and sales. The distribution channel is bifurcated into direct and indirect routes. Direct sales often involve manufacturers selling through their own e-commerce platforms or dedicated brand showrooms, allowing for higher margins and direct customer relationship management. Indirect channels utilize specialized medical equipment dealers, furniture retailers, and regional distributors who handle logistics, installation, and often provide critical after-sales support and repair services, especially for institutional buyers who require large-volume logistics and setup services.
The efficiency of the value chain relies heavily on logistics, particularly in the downstream segment, as riser recliners are large, bulky items requiring specialized freight and white-glove delivery services. Specialty stores play a vital role in providing hands-on demonstrations and expert advice, addressing the complex functional requirements of the user, which is difficult to replicate online. However, the rise of online retail is pressuring traditional dealers to streamline their costs. Ultimately, maximizing value extraction across the chain depends on optimizing the performance and reliability of the motor/mechanism system (upstream), ensuring timely and safe delivery (downstream logistics), and providing reliable maintenance (after-sales service), as product longevity and user safety are paramount factors driving customer lifetime value and brand reputation in this specialized market.
The primary cohort of potential customers for the Riser Recliner Market is the elderly population, generally defined as individuals aged 65 and over, who frequently experience diminished strength, mobility, and balance, making the transition from sitting to standing challenging and hazardous. Within this group, customers are often motivated by the desire to maintain independence and safety within their own homes, viewing the recliner as an investment in long-term quality of life and fall prevention. Secondary customers include patients undergoing rehabilitation for orthopedic surgeries, chronic illnesses (such as heart failure or respiratory diseases), or neurological conditions like Parkinson's disease, where specialized positioning is medically necessary for comfort, recovery, and preventing complications like pressure ulcers or poor circulation. These users are typically referred by healthcare professionals or purchased using insurance benefits or medical savings.
A significant segment of buyers comprises institutional entities, including procurement departments for nursing homes, acute care hospitals, assisted living facilities, and specialized rehabilitation centers. These organizational buyers prioritize durability, ease of cleaning (infection control features), compliance with institutional safety standards, and efficiency for staff usage. Their purchasing decisions are often based on large-volume contracts, total cost of ownership, and the chair's capability to withstand continuous, heavy-duty use in a clinical setting. The chairs serve as crucial equipment for patient transfers, maximizing staff safety while minimizing patient risk of injury. Furthermore, adult children and family caregivers often act as the decision-makers and purchasers, seeking solutions that enhance the safety and comfort of their aging parents or relatives, viewing the purchase through the lens of emotional assurance and reduced caregiving burden.
| Report Attributes | Report Details |
|---|---|
| Market Size in 2026 | $1.2 Billion |
| Market Forecast in 2033 | $2.5 Billion |
| Growth Rate | 10.9% CAGR |
| Historical Year | 2019 to 2024 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Forecast Year | 2026 - 2033 |
| DRO & Impact Forces |
|
| Segments Covered |
|
| Key Companies Covered | Pride Mobility Products Corp., La-Z-Boy Incorporated, Lift & Recline Ltd., Drive DeVilbiss Healthcare, Golden Technologies, Flexsteel Industries Inc., KLAFS GmbH & Co. KG, Stressless (Ekornes ASA), Ultimate Riser Recliner, Parker Knoll, Repose Furniture, Celebrity Motion Furniture, Sherborne Upholstery Ltd., Oasis Healthcare, Home Medical Equipment, Sunrise Medical, CosiChair, Hjellegjerde AS, Medifab Ltd., Invacare Corporation |
| Regions Covered | North America, Europe, Asia Pacific (APAC), Latin America, Middle East, and Africa (MEA) |
| Enquiry Before Buy | Have specific requirements? Send us your enquiry before purchase to get customized research options. Request For Enquiry Before Buy |
The Riser Recliner Market technology landscape is defined by continuous evolution in electro-mechanical systems, sensor integration, and material science, all aimed at enhancing safety, therapeutic effectiveness, and user interface design. The core technology centers on specialized linear actuators and quiet motor systems (often DC motors) that provide smooth, precise, and multi-stage movement for lifting and reclining functions. Dual and triple motor technologies are standard in premium models, allowing for sophisticated independent articulation of the footrest, backrest, and sometimes the headrest and lumbar support, critical for achieving medically prescribed positions such as the Trendelenburg position or Zero Gravity, which minimizes gravitational strain on the body and promotes superior blood flow. Advances in control systems, moving from bulky wired handsets to streamlined, intuitive remote controls and integrated tablet interfaces, are essential for improving user accessibility.
Beyond motion mechanics, material technology plays a significant role, particularly in cushioning and upholstery. Manufacturers utilize sophisticated pressure redistribution technologies, including various densities of memory foam, gel-infused layers, and air-cell systems, to prevent pressure ulcers (bedsores), a common risk for individuals who spend extended periods seated. Upholstery technology focuses on durable, easy-to-clean, and often antimicrobial fabrics to meet the stringent hygiene standards required in institutional settings. Furthermore, technology integration now encompasses battery backup systems, which ensure the chair can return the user to a seated or standing position during a power outage, significantly enhancing user safety and addressing a major consumer concern related to dependency on electricity.
The emerging technological frontier involves the integration of Smart Home and IoT (Internet of Things) capabilities. This includes embedding sensors that monitor usage patterns, chair diagnostics, and potentially user biometrics (e.g., heart rate monitoring through seat sensors). Data gathered through these sensors can be processed using AI algorithms to personalize movement patterns or alert caregivers to prolonged static periods, serving a preventative health function. Connectivity allows for remote diagnostics and software updates, improving product lifecycle management and enabling telehealth monitoring. This convergence of sophisticated electromechanics, smart materials, and digital connectivity is driving the market towards producing highly intelligent, personalized therapeutic seating solutions that function as connected health devices within the modern home ecosystem, justifying premium pricing and expanding functionality beyond basic mobility assistance.
The Riser Recliner Market exhibits significant regional disparities in growth, maturity, and product preferences, largely driven by varying healthcare policies, demographic profiles, and economic strength. North America, particularly the United States, represents a mature market characterized by high consumer awareness, strong demand from the large baby boomer population, and robust spending on home healthcare equipment. The presence of comprehensive Medicare/Medicaid programs and private insurance coverage often facilitates the purchase of medically certified riser recliners, sustaining high per-unit revenues. Manufacturers in this region focus heavily on compliance with stringent FDA regulations and the integration of advanced features such as heated massage and proprietary pressure-relief systems, catering to a consumer base that values both therapeutic function and luxury aesthetics. Distribution channels are well-established, relying on a mix of national specialty dealers and large medical equipment providers.
Europe stands as another dominant and mature market, though fragmented by national regulations, healthcare systems, and cultural preferences. Countries like the United Kingdom and Germany have significant geriatric populations and highly developed social care infrastructures, often involving government subsidies or VAT exemptions for assistive devices, which directly stimulates demand. The UK market is highly competitive, with a strong focus on customizability and quick, reliable delivery due to the importance of specialized retail showrooms. Continental Europe, especially Germany, emphasizes precision engineering and longevity, driving demand for high-quality, durable multi-motor mechanisms. Regulatory compliance with CE marking requirements is critical for operation across the European Union. Future growth in Europe is tied to integrating these devices into national elderly care frameworks and addressing the increasing aesthetic demands of discerning consumers who seek designs that seamlessly blend into sophisticated home interiors.
The Asia Pacific (APAC) region is projected to be the fastest-growing market during the forecast period. This rapid expansion is primarily fueled by the accelerating aging populations in Japan, China, and South Korea, coupled with rapidly improving healthcare infrastructure and increasing disposable incomes among the growing middle class. While Japan has long been a leader in assistive technology adoption due to its exceptionally old population, emerging economies like China and India are now driving demand. China's shift in focus towards community and home-based elderly care, supported by significant public and private investments, presents an immense untapped market opportunity. Manufacturers must navigate localization challenges, including adapting designs to smaller living spaces, addressing lower average price points, and establishing reliable distribution networks in less urbanized areas. Products marketed in APAC often prioritize functionality and reliability over complex luxury features, focusing on core lift and recline functions.
Latin America and the Middle East and Africa (MEA) regions currently hold smaller market shares but offer long-term potential. In Latin America, urbanization and expanding middle classes in countries like Brazil and Mexico are leading to greater recognition of the need for specialized home healthcare equipment. However, market growth is often constrained by lower insurance penetration and fluctuating economic stability, necessitating accessible pricing strategies. In the MEA region, the market is highly fragmented, with strong demand centers often limited to wealthy Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries that invest heavily in modern healthcare facilities and import high-end medical furniture. Growth here is primarily driven by institutional procurement rather than widespread consumer adoption. Addressing the unique challenges in these regions—such as climate-appropriate materials and establishing specialized service networks—is crucial for sustainable market penetration.
Overall, global market strategy involves treating North America and Europe as innovation hubs for premium, feature-rich products while focusing APAC growth through scalable, reliable models tailored to regional economic realities and infrastructure development. North American growth is characterized by high profitability due to premium pricing, while APAC growth offers the highest volume potential. European stability provides a reliable base of operation, driven by consistent demographic factors and standardized medical needs, demanding product localization to meet diverse national health system standards and aesthetic preferences. These regional dynamics necessitate flexible manufacturing and distribution strategies capable of serving disparate regulatory and consumer landscapes.
Single Motor recliners operate the footrest and backrest simultaneously via one motor, offering basic lift and recline functions. Dual Motor recliners feature two independent motors, allowing the user to operate the footrest and backrest separately, enabling more precise, therapeutic positioning, such as Zero Gravity or elevated leg positions.
Coverage varies significantly by region. In many areas (e.g., the US via Medicare Part B), if a riser recliner is deemed medically necessary by a physician to assist an individual with standing due to specific conditions, it may be partially covered under Durable Medical Equipment (DME) provisions. Users should verify specific local policy details before purchase.
Key considerations include the user's specific mobility needs (determining the required motor complexity), proper sizing for safety and comfort, the need for pressure relief cushioning, aesthetic compatibility with the home environment, and the availability of essential safety features like battery backup functionality for power outages.
Smart technology, including IoT connectivity and AI, enables personalized posture control, remote diagnostics for predictive maintenance, voice command operation for enhanced accessibility, and integrated health monitoring (e.g., tracking vital signs or sedentary periods) to provide proactive therapeutic benefits and superior user safety.
The foremost long-term growth driver is the continuous and accelerating global demographic shift, characterized by the exponential growth of the geriatric population (age 65+). This trend, combined with the increasing preference and infrastructure supporting 'aging in place' (home healthcare), ensures sustained demand for specialized assistive seating solutions globally.
Research Methodology
The Market Research Update offers technology-driven solutions and its full integration in the research process to be skilled at every step. We use diverse assets to produce the best results for our clients. The success of a research project is completely reliant on the research process adopted by the company. Market Research Update assists its clients to recognize opportunities by examining the global market and offering economic insights. We are proud of our extensive coverage that encompasses the understanding of numerous major industry domains.
Market Research Update provide consistency in our research report, also we provide on the part of the analysis of forecast across a gamut of coverage geographies and coverage. The research teams carry out primary and secondary research to implement and design the data collection procedure. The research team then analyzes data about the latest trends and major issues in reference to each industry and country. This helps to determine the anticipated market-related procedures in the future. The company offers technology-driven solutions and its full incorporation in the research method to be skilled at each step.
The Company's Research Process Has the Following Advantages:
The step comprises the procurement of market-related information or data via different methodologies & sources.
This step comprises the mapping and investigation of all the information procured from the earlier step. It also includes the analysis of data differences observed across numerous data sources.
We offer highly authentic information from numerous sources. To fulfills the client’s requirement.
This step entails the placement of data points at suitable market spaces in an effort to assume possible conclusions. Analyst viewpoint and subject matter specialist based examining the form of market sizing also plays an essential role in this step.
Validation is a significant step in the procedure. Validation via an intricately designed procedure assists us to conclude data-points to be used for final calculations.
We are flexible and responsive startup research firm. We adapt as your research requires change, with cost-effectiveness and highly researched report that larger companies can't match.
Market Research Update ensure that we deliver best reports. We care about the confidential and personal information quality, safety, of reports. We use Authorize secure payment process.
We offer quality of reports within deadlines. We've worked hard to find the best ways to offer our customers results-oriented and process driven consulting services.
We concentrate on developing lasting and strong client relationship. At present, we hold numerous preferred relationships with industry leading firms that have relied on us constantly for their research requirements.
Buy reports from our executives that best suits your need and helps you stay ahead of the competition.
Our research services are custom-made especially to you and your firm in order to discover practical growth recommendations and strategies. We don't stick to a one size fits all strategy. We appreciate that your business has particular research necessities.
At Market Research Update, we are dedicated to offer the best probable recommendations and service to all our clients. You will be able to speak to experienced analyst who will be aware of your research requirements precisely.
The content of the report is always up to the mark. Good to see speakers from expertise authorities.
Privacy requested , Managing Director
A lot of unique and interesting topics which are described in good manner.
Privacy requested, President
Well researched, expertise analysts, well organized, concrete and current topics delivered in time.
Privacy requested, Development Manager
Market Research Update is market research company that perform demand of large corporations, research agencies, and others. We offer several services that are designed mostly for Healthcare, IT, and CMFE domains, a key contribution of which is customer experience research. We also customized research reports, syndicated research reports, and consulting services.